Facts About the Prehistoric Xilousuchus

Realities About the Prehistoric Xilousuchus Initially delegated a proterosuchid (and in this manner a nearby relative of the contemporary Proterosuchus) an ongoing examination has found Xilousuchus a lot nearer to the foundation of the archosaur family tree (the archosaurs were the group of early Triassic reptiles that offered ascend to dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodiles). The criticalness of Xilousuchus is that it dates to the absolute starting point of the Triassic time frame, around 250 million years prior, and it appears to have been one of the most punctual crocodilian archosaurs, an indication that these decision reptiles split off into ancient crocodiles and the progenitors of the primary dinosaurs (and subsequently of the main flying creatures) a lot sooner than had recently been suspected. Coincidentally, the Asian Xilousuchus was firmly identified with another cruised archosaur of North America, Arizonasaurus. For what reason did the feline measured Xilousuchusâ have a sail on its back? The most probable clarification is sexual choice; maybe Xilousuchus guys with greater sails were increasingly alluring to females during mating season, or maybe the sail tricked predators into believing that Xilousuchus was greater than it was, in this way saving it from being eaten. Given its little size, however, its impossible that the sail of Xilousuchus served any mild guideline work; that is an almost certain speculation for 500-pound reptiles like Dimetrodon, which expected to warm up rapidly during the day and scatter overabundance heat around evening time. Whatever the case, the absence of any cruised crocodiles in the later fossil record indicates that this structure wasnt significant for the endurance of this far reaching family. Quick Facts About Xilousuchus Name: Xilousuchus (Greek for Xilou crocodile); articulated ZEE-loo-SOO-kussHabitat: Swamps of eastern AsiaHistorical Period: Early Triassic (250 million years ago)Size and Weight: About three feet in length and 5 to 10 poundsDiet: Small animalsDistinguishing Characteristics: Small size; sail on back

Lycurgus - Spartan Lawgiver

Lycurgus - Spartan Lawgiver Dateline: 06/22/99 Back to Sparta: A Military State In spite of the fact that the development of Greek law codes is muddled and cant truly be diminished to crafted by a solitary individual, there is small time who stands apart as liable for Athenian law and one for Spartan law. Athens had its Solon, and Sparta had its Lycurgus the lawgiver. Like the sources of Lycurgus lawful changes, the man himself is enclosed by legend. Herodotus 1.65.4 says the Spartans thought the laws of Lycurgus originated from Crete. Xenophon takes an opposite position, contending Lycurgus caused them to up; while Plato says the Delphic Oracle gave the laws. Notwithstanding the beginning of the laws of Lycurgus, the Delphic Oracle played a significant, if incredible, job in their acknowledgment. Lycurgus guaranteed that the Oracle had demanded the laws not be recorded. He fooled the Spartans into saving the laws for an apparently brief period while Lycurus went on an excursion. Due to the authority summoned, the Spartans concurred. In any case, at that point, rather than returning, Lycurgus vanishes everlastingly from history, consequently unceasingly obliging the Spartans to respect their deal to avoid changing the laws. See Sanderson Becks Ethics of Greek Culture for additional on this. Some think the laws of Sparta were basically unaltered until the third century B.C., except for a rider to the rhetra cited by Plutarch. See Legislation in Sparta, by W. G. Forrest. Phoenix. Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 11-19. Source: (amherst.edu/~eakcetin/sparta.html) Lycurgus Reforms and the Spartan SocietyBefore Lycurgus there had been double majesty, division of the general public into Spartiates, Helots, and perioeci, and the ephorate. After his movements to Crete and somewhere else, Lycurgus brought to Sparta three advancements: Seniors (gerusia), Redistribution of land, and Common wrecks (dinners). Lycurgus denied gold and silver coinage, supplanting it with iron coinage of low worth, making exchange with other Greek poleis troublesome; for example, there were evidently portion formed and measured iron coins. It is additionally conceivable that the iron coins were esteemed, as iron had been in the Iron Age of Homer. See The Iron Money of Sparta, by H. Michell Phoenix, Vol. 1, Supplement to Volume One. (Spring, 1947), pp. 42-44. Men were to live in garisson huts and ladies were to experience physical preparing. In everything he did Lycurgus was attempting to smother voracity and luxury.[www.perseus.tufts.edu/cl135/Students/Debra_Taylor/delphproj2.html] Delphi and the LawWe dont know whether Lycurgus asked the prophet just to affirm the law code he previously had or requested that the prophet give the code. Xenophon picks the previous, while Plato accepts the last mentioned. Theres a likelihood that the code originated from Crete.Source: (web.reed.edu/scholastic/offices/works of art/Spartans.html) Early SpartaThucydides proposed that it was not the rulers who announced war, and the way that seven helots went to every Spartan demonstrates the helots parcel might not have been so awful. The Great RhetraPassage from Plutarchs Life of Lycurgus on his acquiring a prophet from Delphi about the foundation of his type of government: At the point when thou has assembled a sanctuary to Zeus Syllanius and Athena Syllania, isolated the individuals into phylai, and separated them into obai, and set up a Gerousia of thirty including the Archagetai, at that point now and again appellazein among Babyka and Knakion, and there present and nullification measures; yet the Demos must have the choice and the force. Xenophon on the SpartansNine sections from Herodotus about the celebrated Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus. Sections incorporate notification that female slaves were to deal with garments while free ladies, since creation of kids was the noblest occupation, were to practice as much as the men. In the event that a spouse were old, he should flexibly his significant other with a more youthful man to conceive youngsters. Lycurgus made it noteworthy to fulfill regular longings by taking; he precluded free residents from participating in business; neglecting to carry out ones responsibility would bring about loss of status of the homoioi, (similarly favored residents). Occupation Index - Leader Plutarch - Life of Lycurgus

Advanced Macroeconomics

Advanced Macroeconomics Advanced Macroeconomics Home›Economics Posts›Advanced Macroeconomics Economics PostsBusiness cycles are the recurring and variable levels of economic trends that a specific economy experiences over a long duration of time in terms of its productivity. These trends depict a fluctuation of the production levels of thee economy. The recurring economic trends are grouped into various stages which include the expansion or growth phase, contraction or diminishing stage, peak or the high season stage, depression and finally the recovery stage. These phases are a presentation of how the economy progresses either in a negative or a positive formula depending on the indicators or facilitators available (Coonley Thomas, 1995).It is worth noting that, at a specific time business cycles were regular and the durations were knowable but today they vary irregularly in terms of frequency of occurrence, scale and duration spent. In view of the Keynesian theory, business cycles mirror on the poss ibility that the economy may attain short-run equilibrium at standards that are below or above full employment. At the high unemployment rate this theory shows that the monetary and fiscal policy has an affirmative role to play in the fluctuations that are present in the business cycle. There are particular stylized facts that have been discussed below to show how business cycles fluctuated in various periods of time (Bernard Beaudreau, 1996).The European business cycle was broken down into a European component as a continent, national and a regional perspective. The share of the regions of Europe had a variance in its Gross Domestic Product ranging between 40% and 60% (Coonley Thomas, 1995). There are particular stylized facts that have been discussed below to show how business cycles fluctuated in various periods of time. The stylistic facts that depict the appropriateness of these business cycles are discussed below.One stylistic fact is on persistence of the economic activitie s which deplete or wear off at a very high rate. They are not as persistent due to the fact that it is based on the short run. The long-term character of the economic activities is irregular and they are symbolized by fluctuations therefore its predictions in the long run become too difficult to analyze (Coonley Thomas, 1995).Another stylized fact that argues this notion is based on cyclic variability which is an aspect of regularity. Standard deviations are mostly used in this sector as they define the magnitude or scale with which fluctuations are present in output levels and the level of working hours by the employees and they are almost equal. In this stylized fact consumption rate and production are more regular as compared to productivity while the investment level fluctuates more than the amount produced. In this case the capital stock is the least unpredictable of all the indicators (Beaudreau Bernard, 1996).Co-movement is another stylistic fact that is measured between th e level of output and other associated macroeconomic variables. These variables are measured using correlations and are divided into procyclical and countercyclical variables. To start with procyclical variable has positive correlations as it increases in times of booms or economic expansion while during recessions it subsides. Countercyclical variable on its part has negative correlations as it is not associated with the business cycle which includes recession or booms of economic activities (Beaudreau Bernard, 1996). The implication of this correlation is that human resources and capital are more productive when the entire economy is facing a lift or a boom. The vice versa is true in that they are not as productive when the economy on its part is experiencing a meltdown of any nature or there is a recession like the one in the United States or even European countries explained above.In terms of consumption and investment, they are strongly on the side of procyclical variables. Th is means that the rate of consumption and investment is related to the economic situations that are prevailing in a particular country. When the economy is positively growing more investors will flock the markets so will the consumption rate go high. Labor is also procyclical as it happens that during economic prosperity the rate of employment also increases as compared to when the economy deteriorates which makes the employees to lose jobs through retrenchment or bad performance of businesses (Beaudreau Bernard, 1995).A general school of thought that supports this notion is that people prefer booms to recession types of business cycles and they are all involved in the decision making process of the economy. However, the causative agents of fluctuation are outside the decisions that are made by humans. Stylistic facts like persistence have been motivated by shocks that cause fluctuations in the market. Examples of these calamities are: innovations, poor weather, increase in price o f imported oil and harsh environmental rules that derail development like mining activities (Coonley Thomas, 1995).In conclusion persistence stylistic fact definitely affects labor and capital efficiency thus output is compromised. Co-movement stylistic variables influence output and the general productivity in relation to other macroeconomic variables. Using appropriate procyclical variables it can be argued that facts such as allocation of consumption and the distribution of investment opportunities are determined by the relevant business cycles available under natural conditions.

Analysis Of Simone De Beauvoir s The Second Sex

The first text we explore in this step is Bonaventure’s â€Å"On Seeing God in his Image†. Bonaventure shows us that through inward reflection we can see God. God can then lead us to God’s two most important laws, and the best ways for us to live in community with others; by loving God, and our neighbors. The next text is from the 2nd Vatican Council called â€Å"Pastoral Constitution,† which focused on bringing the church into modern times. This text focuses on the importance of helping those being marginalized, those who are on the brink of society, and what is the best way that the Church as a community can fight to protect them. The following text comes from Simone de Beauvoir called â€Å"The Second Sex,† which discusses the ideas of the feminist†¦show more content†¦One major link includes the fight between an oppressed group and their persecutors. Whether it’s the proletariat and the bourgeois in â€Å"The Communist Manifesto,† or the inequality of genders in â€Å"The Second Sex,† or the flight of the African Americans in the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. In all of these texts we are shown how easy it is for one group to abuse their power and create unfair rules and regulations only imposed on the more inferior members of society. Each group of oppressor thrives off of alienating, and subjugating their inferiors. So it seems the theme of solidarity is the only way to combat this linkage of oppression. In all of the texts we are shown that through solidarity comes freedom. We see in Bonaventure, and Vatican Council II that all God wants for God’s people is inclusion, and to fight for the rights of the â€Å"others† of the world. In the more secular texts from King, de Beauvoir, and Marx and Engels, we see the same ideas. The only way to fight prejudice is to unite the people of either side of the problem, and have them work together to make the whole of society a more inclusive place. By uniting together to fight oppression we overcome the trivialities that separate seemingly opposing groups. The next theme contingent throughout the step is the benefits of community. This is similar to the inclusiveness that comes from solidarity, but through community we can prevent oppression from happeningShow MoreRelatedThe Second Sex By Simone De Beauvoir888 Words   |  4 Pages In 1949, Simone de Beauvoir commenced the development of second-wave feminism. The publication of her theoretical work, The Second Sex, issued a fervent response to gender-based oppression during the twentieth century. However, the philosophy that de Beauvoir espoused in The Second Sex still proves relevant to contemporary women. In the United States, conservative politicians have sought to eliminate legalized abortion, thereby limiting the reproductive freedom of women. The enforcementRead MoreBeauvoir s Feminist Beliefs : Simone De Beauvoir924 Words   |  4 PagesBeliefs (An educational analysis of Simone de Beauvoir s feminist beliefs) Simone de Beauvoir is to this day one of the key central figures in the women’s rights movement. She inspired people all over the world. Although she may not be the extreme feminist that people believe her to be. Beauvoir said many times that she naturally didn’t believe that women were inferior to men, but she also didn’t believe that they were naturally equal either. Beauvoir wrote the book The Second Sex which holds manyRead MoreThe Society Today, People Still Belittle Women And Treat Them Like Second Class Citizens1457 Words   |  6 PagesBruce Guu Raven Pfister Communication 412 5 May 2015 Theme Analysis In our society today, people still belittle women and treat them like second-class citizens. Women are just as important as men, if not better, and should be treated equally in society. I do acknowledge the fact that we are living in a heternormative society put upon us in the United States. As a heterosexual male, I see the bias, prejudice, and injustice that go toward gays, lesbians, transgenders, and woman. Even though some sayRead MoreThe Second Sex : The Fight Against Women s Oppression2230 Words   |  9 PagesSimone de Beauvoir â€Å"The Second Sex’: The Fight against Women’s Oppression Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir simply referred to as Simone de Beauvoir was a French intellectual, writer, political activist, existentialist philosopher, social theorist and feminist born in 1908. Often subscribed to the schools of Existentialism, French Feminism and Western Marxism, she did not regard herself as a philosopher even though she is heralded for her significant influence of feminist theoryRead MoreThe Sources Of Injustice Explained By Simone De Beauvoir1365 Words   |  6 PagesWoMEN (An Analysis of the Sources of Injustice Explained by Simone de Beauvoir in Second Sex) The idea of feminism and women’s rights have been under attack for years. Women themselves have been under attack for their entire lives. Women always have to be doing things correctly or men attack their very being. Men have expected women to be submissive to them from the beginning of time, as life has always been a patriarchy. Feminism has always been buried under the dirt but in the last 50-100 yearsRead MoreSimone Ernestine Lucie Marie Bertrand De Beauvoir1784 Words   |  8 PagesSimone Ernestine Lucie Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir was born January 9, 1908 in Paris, France. She died of a pulmonary edema on April 14, 1986. The seventy-eight years between her birth and death were filled with rigorous academia, philosophical exploration, rich literary production and fascinating polyamorous intimate relationships. Although astutely aware of the philosophical ponderings of God’s existence, de Beauvoir struggled with religious ideas until the age of fourteen, despite her mother Franà §oiseRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Other Towards `` The Subject Essay1984 Words   |  8 Pageswill analyze Evelyn Nesbit’s personalities presented in Ragtime as a recreated character that is not lifted straight from the pages of the history books. With the concept â€Å"the Other† coined by French feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir in her book about existentialism, the Second Sex, I would mainly focus on analyzing Nesbit’s struggle and try to prove she eventually changes her position from an â€Å"Object† to a â€Å"Subject†. Keywords: Ragtime, Feminist existentialism, Evelyn Nesbit I. Introduction RagtimeRead MoreSimone de Beauvoir: the Woman in Love Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesBeauvoir discusses love in relation to sexual difference. She also discusses the difference between authentic and inauthentic love. What differences between women and mens experiences of love does she discuss? How does she think the problems of love can be rectified? Simone de Beauvoirs text The Woman in Love, taken from her book The Second Sex (1988) describes her theories on men and women in love. This essay will explore her propositions about the differences men and women experienceRead MoreSylvia Plath the Colossus2027 Words   |  9 Pagesfeminine, patriarchy, etc.). In your analysis of the poem you may want to ask questions concerning Plath’s personal life and her relationship to male figures in her family. Do you read the poem as a personal or a political poem? Would you characterize Plath as a feminist poet? Always justify your answers with reference to the poet’s works as well as the critical articles as much as you can †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. To solve this TMA in a good way we should know about Sylvia Plaths life, because in the students notesRead MoreThe noun feminism is derived from the French in the 19th century . It refers to the campaign at700 Words   |  3 PagesFeminism Theory Simone de Beauvoir pioneered . Beauoir paper entitled The Second Sex has given a tremendous influence in the field of feminism . It developed in France after World War II . The function of this theory is to rebuild the confidence of the public after the war . Beauvoir denies weakness and softness of the female form naturally. He thinks women should give the definition of themselves . He also proposes that the traditional role of women reject them for independent life . Beauvoir alleged that

Comparing Grimm’s Fairytale Snow White to Snow White, by...

As a child, I was told fairytales such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs every night before I went to sleep. Fairytales are an adventurous way to expand a child’s imagination and open their eyes to experience a new perspective. Modernizations of fairytales typically relate to a specific audience, such as adolescence, and put a contemporary spin on the old-aged tale. Instead of using whimsical themes heavily centered in nature, the contemporary poems connect with the reader in a more realistic everyday scenario. Also, many modernizations are written in poetic form to help reconstruct a flow in the piece and to develop or sometimes completely change the meaning from that of the original fairytale. Comparing Grimm’s Fairytale Snow White†¦show more content†¦The dwarves are amazed by the girl’s beauty and allow her to stay with them forever as long as she handles all the household chores. Snow White happily obliges and begins to take care of the dwarves. Un fortunately, the evil step-mother gets word of Snow White’s death being a fraud and makes three attempts to trick and fool the princess. On the third attempt, the old hag is successful and upon biting in to a deliciously plump red apple sends Snow White tumbling to the ground. The seven dwarves decide Snow White is to captivating to be buried underground so they decided to encase her in glass and take turns guarding her remains. One day a handsome prince happens to come across the beautiful dead princess and begs the dwarves to let him purchase her. Reluctantly, the dwarves give the prince Snow White and a bump on the transport home causes the poisonous apple to fall out of her mouth and the princess magically comes back to life. The prince marries Snow White, and the evil step mother is forced to dance in hot-iron boots until she dies. As happy as this stories summary seems, it is clearly not even remotely realistic in our society. Entering adolescence teens are less concerned with imaginary stories and more worried about meeting social and family expectations while trying to shift through an awkward phase and find their own identity. Duhamel refers to the original version of Snow White and the Seven DwarvesShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Snow White And Snow White1405 Words   |  6 Pages Comparing Snow White Fairytales are an imaginary and adventurous way to open children’s eyes to a make-believe land and use their imaginations. Fairy tales have also changed drastically throughout the years. One fairy tale that is very well known and has been around for a while now is Snow White. Modernizations of fairytales usually are aimed at a specific audience, such as children, with a little more of a modern spin on the old tale. Rather than having the story of Snow White take place in and

Software development and engineering Free Essays

à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There are two features which are common to most engineering definitions à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The solution of practical problems for the benefit of humankind à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The use of scientific and other formalised knowledge to design and build artefacts within economic constraints Difference between scientists and engineers: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Scientific reasoning and research is essentially inductive, scientists try to infer general rules or laws from the results of a limited number of observations or experimental results à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The activities of engineers are quite distinct, their objective is for human benefit rather than explaining the natural world. They make use of scientific results in a deductive way (to verify designs and ideas that are feasible and safe. Development of engineering disciplines QUESTION: How does engineering come to make use of scientific and formalised knowledge? ANSWER: The discipline starts in a state of craft practice: At this stage engineering is carried out by practitioners with little or no formal training and knowledge is acquired during apprenticeship. We will write a custom essay sample on Software development and engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second stage is the development of commercial exploitation when pressures arise to make economic use of resources or to increase output. Practice becomes more organised and standard procedures are established. The third stage in development sees the emergence of professional engineering. At this stage engineering is carried out by educated professionals who use formal analysis and scientific theory to understand and verify their designs. Characteristics of engineering Engineering projects tackle clearly defined and quantified problems. Another aspect of modern engineering is the use of systematised knowledge, this knowledge gives the engineer a good understanding both of the problems that he or she is addressing and the materials available for their solution. A science-based knowledge engineer will have considerable knowledge of proven procedures and designs which they can reuse where appropriate. An important aspect of this codified knowledge is the ability to learn from failures. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AS ENGINEERING? Development of compiler technology à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In the 1950s when high-level programming languages were first being designed and implemented, compiler writing was regarded as difficult. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The development of the first compiler for FORTRAN, completed in early 1957, required about 18 person-years of effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Compiler technology has progressed dramatically since, that a compiler can now be implemented in anything from 6 person-weeks to a person-year. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Modern compilers generally produce executable code that is very efficient and it is rare for programmers to need to resort to lower-level languages. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Compilers are usually extremely reliable being at least as free from errors as most other software on a typical computer. Large-scale development projects Large-scale projects have always been much more prone to problems or failure than smaller developments, such as compiler implementations, due to difficulties of organising and co-ordinating teams, and dealing with clients. But this is not always the case, as seen in these two examples of large and highly successful projects. Example 1: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ SABRE, an Airline Reservation System developed for American Airlines. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The project delivered about one million lines of code and involved around 400 person-years of effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ This success is all the more striking because of the lack of supporting software – there were no database systems available at that time, for example. Example 2: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NASA Space Shuttle. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The project involved introducing rigorous control of software development, tracking all changes and errors, and constantly refining the development process to ensure that errors are eliminated at the earliest possible stage. Other branches of engineering which have resulted in major disasters: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In 1968, Roman point (a high-rise block of flats in London) collapsed after a gas explosion in a top flat. The block was constructed using prefabricated components. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In 1980, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, a suspended walkway which connected hotel floors collapsed causing deaths of 114 people. The failure was due to a combination of design and construction flaws. QUALITY AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT In modern industry and business there is enormous concern to try to produce goods and services of high quality. Definition of Quality – ‘The set of characteristics of a product or service which satisfy a customer’s requirements and expectations’ American Joseph Juran, one of the early advocates of quality management, defined quality as the fitness for uses. Detailed tracking of error statistics during development has been found by developers such as Microsoft, to be extremely useful even though they may adopt a more informal approach to managing software development (Cusumano and Selby 1997). Development of ideas about quality Total Quality Management (TQM): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Clearly defining quality in terms of customers’ or consumers’ requirements à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Concentrating on achieving quality by improving production processes rather than by inspection of end products à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The clear specification of processes and the use of statistical analyses and other techniques to track down the sources of faults so that the process can be improved à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The involvement of everyone in quality improvement à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Constantly trying to improve quality by learning from faults and improving processes and designs. The application of quality management to software development Applicable to software development? Each development of a system is a one-off project so it is not obvious that insights derived from improving manufacturing processes are applicable. The argument of Deming and others that quality cannot be achieved by testing alone is borne out by the experience of many software developers. Quality standards – ISO 9000 In order to achieve ISO 9000 certification: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It has standards against which to measure all aspects of its development practices à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It has procedures in place to access performance against these standards à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Both the standards and the assessment methods used are recognised in the industry ISO 9000 has been criticised on its particular criteria for introducing too much paperwork and ignoring the importance of continuous improvement. Capability Maturity Model This model is primarily concerned with the way in which projects are managed and organised, so it proposes five levels of maturity in development practices. 1. Initial Level-Not stable environment for developing software. Success heavily dependent on key project staff. 2. Repeatable Level-Managing software projects based on previous experience. Project progress is tracked and under control. 3. Defined Level-A standard process of software development is used across the organisation. Adapted and tailored appropriately for individual projects. 4. Managed Level-Measurable quality targets are set for projects and the results achieved by all projects are monitored. 5. Optimising Level-Measurements obtained from the monitoring of software development are used as a basis for refining and improving the process used. This level is one of continuous improvement. Chapter 11 – Societies for computing professionals WHAT ARE PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Professionals, such as medicine or the law, are distinguished from other occupations by the long period of training and experience which are required in order to qualify as a practitioner. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Regulated by professional societies à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Societies are run by the members of the profession and represent its interests à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Not under the immediate control of the government or employers Professional institutions can be made in two ways: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ By stature (by passing a law) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Royal Charter The Engineering profession (the institution of Civil Engineers, the institution of Mechanical Engineers, the British Computer Society) have similar rights and responsibilities: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To advance knowledge in their area à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To uphold and seek to improve standards of practice (e.g. code of conduct for members) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To set educational and training standards in their field (e.g. running professional exams and accrediting certain degree courses) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To advise the government on issues within their area of expertise (e.g. BCS on the Computer Misuse Act) THE HISTORY OF ENGINEERING PROFESSIONS à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When engineering was at the stage of a craft practice, there were few formal mechanisms for the training of new engineers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Throughout most of the nineteenth century British engineers were firmly convinced of the value of practical experience as the basis of training PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEERS Two professional institutions which have most relevance for computer professionals are the British Computer Society (BCS) and Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). Engineering Council à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Created by Royal Charter in 1981 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Contains 290000 qualified engineers, including about 200000 Chartered Engineers FEANI FEANI represents the engineering profession at a European level and is made of engineering institutions from 27 countries. It was formed in 1951. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP Members of professional societies gain the benefit of meeting other professionals in their field as well as access to other resources, such as libraries, seminars and special interest groups. Course accreditation Computer Science degree courses which cover similar materiel to that of the BCS exams are often accredited by the British Computer Society. For a degree course to give full exemption it must: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cover the underlying theory and mathematics appropriate to computing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Have an emphasis on design à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Promote understanding of ideas of quality à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cover systems development approaches à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cover ethical, legal, social and professional issues à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Include a substantial student project which involves the implementation of an application or tool using an engineering-based approach. Registration with the Engineering Council The Engineering Council maintains a register of qualified engineers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA1 – introduction to the fabrication and use of materials à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA2 – application of engineering principlines à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA3 – a thorough and structured introduction to industry, involving practical assignments à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA4 – preparation for the post with responsibility EA1 and EA2 = accredited in engineering degree EA3 and EA4 = period of appropriate work Professional development BCS has developed the Industry Structure Model to classify different roles and responsibilities which computing professionals must have. It identifies some 200 professional functions ranging from programming to management. The purpose of the model is to help individuals and organisations to plan training and career development by identifying current gaps in knowledge. BCS runs two development schemes: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Professional Development scheme – computing professionals have properly planned and verified training Continuing Professional Development – those who have achieved qualification but who need to broaden their knowledge. How to cite Software development and engineering, Papers

PHM499 Research Project Calcium Transport Study Of SF-9 Lepidopteran C

PHM499 Research Project Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells and bull frog sympathetic ganglion cells ABSTRACT The intracellular calcium level and the calcium efflux of the bull-frog sympathetic ganglion cells (BSG) and the SF-9 lepidopteran ovarian cells were investigated using a calcium-sensitive fluorescence probe fura-2. It was found that the intracellular calcium levels were 58.2 and 44.7 nM for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells respectively. The calcium effluxes following zero calcium solution were 2.02 and 1.33 fmole?cm-2?s-1 for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells. The calcium effluxes following sodium orthovanadate (Na2VO4) in zero calcium solution were 6.00 and 0.80 fmole?cm-2?s-1 for the BSG cells and the SF-9 cells. The SF-9 cells also lost the ability to extrude intracellular calcium after 2-3 applications of Na2VO4 while the BSG cells showed no apparent lost of calcium extruding abilities for up to 4 applications of Na2VO4. INTRODUCTION Spodoptera frugiperda clone 9 (SF-9) cells are a cultured insect cell line derived from the butterfly ovarian tissue. SF-9 cells are used by molecular biologists for the studies of gene expression and protein processing (Luckow and Summers, 1988). However, there is not much known about these cells' basic biophysiology. Since calcium is involved in many cells' activities such as acting as a secondary messenger, it is important for cells to control their intracellular calcium level. This study was aimed toward looking at the some of the basic properties of the SF-9 cells such as resting calcium concentration and rate of calcium extrusion after being calcium level being raised by an ionophore 4-bromo-A23187. The effect of sodium orthovanadate (an active transport inhibitor) on calcium extrusion was also looked at. Microspectrofluorescence techniques and the calcium-sensitive probe fura-2 were used to measure the intracellular calcium concentration of these cells. In addition, the BSG cells were used to compare w ith the SF-9 cells for the parameters that were studied. It was found that the SF-9 cells appeared to have a calcium concentration similar to the BSG cells. Moreover, the calcium extrusion rates of both cell types with no Na2VO4 added seemed to the same. However, due to insufficient data, the effects of Na2VO4 could not be statistically analyzed. From the data available, it suggested that the BSG cells' rate of calcium extrusion was enhanced by the Na2VO4 and was greater than the SF-9 cells. It was more important to note that the calcium extruding capabilities of the SF-9 cell seemed to impaired after two to three applications of Na2VO4 but it had apparent effects on the BSG cells even up to 4 applications. After obtaining these basic parameters, many questions raised such as how does the SF-9 cells extrude their calcium and why the Na2VO4 affected the calcium efflux for the SF-9 cells but not the BSG cells? The SF-9 cells may have a calcium pump or exchanger to extrude their calciu m and they may be very sensitive to the ATP (adenosine 3'-triphosphate) supply. This was apparently different from the BSG cells' since their calcium extrusion were not affected by the Na2VO4.. It may be useful to find the mechanism(s) of the actions of Na2VO4 on the SF-9 cells because it may find possible applications in agriculture such as pest control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and solutions 4-bromo-A23187 and Fura-2/AM were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Na2VO4 was purchased from Alomone Lab (Jerusalem, Israel). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from J. T. Baker Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ). All other reagents were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The normal Ringer's solution (NRS) contained (mM): 125 NaCl, 5.0 KCl, 2.0 CaCl2, 1.0 MgSO4, 10.0 glucose, 10.0 N-[2-hydroxyethyl] piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES). The calcium free Ringer solution (0CaNRS) is the same as the NRS except CaCl2 was substituted with 2.0 mM ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoeh tyl) ether N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Fura-2/AM solution was prepared as follows: a stock solution of 1mM fura-2/AM in DMSO was diluted 1:500 in NRS containing 2% bovine albumin. It was then sonicated for 10 minutes. It was then kept frozen until the day of the experiment. 20 SYMBOL 109 \f "Symbol"M 4-bromo-A23187 solution was prepared by diluting a stock of 5mM 4-bromo-A23187 in DMSO 1:250 with NRS. Na2VO4 solution (VO4NRS) contained 100 SYMBOL 109 \f "Symbol"M. Na2VO4 in 0CaNRS. All